Byzantine Empire
Map of the Byzantine Empire
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The eastern half of the Roman Empire after it split in 395 which encompassed much of the eastern Mediterranean basin while continuing the traditions of the Roman Empire.
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Constantinople
A map of Constantinople during the Byzantium period of rule.
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A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, and would become modern day Istanbul in Turkey.
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Justinian
Caesaropapism
An emperor that acts in the form of caesaropapism
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System in which the temporal ruler has control over the church as well as the state. Such emperors appointed bishops and the Eastern Patriarch. The emperor was considered the "caesar" as head of state, and the pope, as the head of the Church. This was only prominent in Byzantium.
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Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Icons
Kievan Rus
Map of Kievan Rus
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A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats, especially princes. It was greatly influenced by Byzantine.
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Prince Vladimir of Kiev
A drawing of Prince Vlaimir
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Prince Vladimir converted to Eastern Orthodox and established Kiev in the larger world. Trade started coming in and going out and Russia was eventually established as the third Rome. This conversion also allowed the Byzantine Empire to gain influence over the Slavic territories
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne being crowned the new Roman emperor
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Charlemagne, ruler of the Carolingian Empire (what is now France, Belgium, Netherlands, and parts of their neighboring countries) made an empire that tried to re-unite Europe like Rome had. To do this he erected an embryonic imperial bureaucracy, standardized weights and measures, and even began to act like an emperor. In 800, he was crowned as the new Roman emperor by the pope; sadly his empire fell shortly after his death.
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Holy Roman Empire
Roman Catholic Church
Western Christendom
Map of the different kingdoms in Europe
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The establishments of small kingdoms by Germanic (and a few other nomadic/barbaric peoples) to restore the unity in Europe that Rome had created.
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Crusades
Map of all of the crusades and their paths
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Multiple religious wars mainly set on reattaining the control over Jerusalem from Muslims. These wars went from 1096 to 1270 C.E.
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European cities
A basic example of what cities looked like during the Middle Ages
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European cities during the Middle/Dark Ages were fairly well developed and still retain the same characteristics. They often had narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marked the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attacks.
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